Spain has reached an unprecedented demographic milestone: one in five persons living in the country is of immigrant origin. This is according to a new report by the Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS Spain) entitled “The population of immigrant origin in Spain”, based on data available as of 1 January 2025 from the National Institute of Statistics and the Permanent Observatory on Immigration in Spain. The study provides a detailed analysis of the profound transformation that is affecting Spain’s social structure, and stresses that immigration “is not a marginal phenomenon, but a key structural factor for the country’s present and future”. In absolute terms, the population of immigrant origin – which includes both people born abroad and the foreign population born in Spain – amounts to 9,963,353 people, or 20.28% of the total population. A clear key message of the report is: “Without immigration, Spain would be losing its population. Between 2021 and 2025, the total population grew by 1.7 million people, but this increase is due exclusively to the arrival of people of immigrant origin, whose numbers rose by more than 2.1 million”, the Jesuit document reads. At the same time, the “native” population (Spaniards born in Spain) decreased by 429,133 people. Although Morocco remains the main country of origin – with 1,165,955 people born in the African country and almost one million with Moroccan nationality –, the report notes a significant change in the profile of recent flows: the most dynamic growth is now from Latin America (Colombia, Venezuela).